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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section Objectives

Protocol Analysis – 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods – Select capture devices

  • Laptop protocol analyzers
  • APs, controllers, and other management solutions
  • Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

– Install monitor mode drivers
– Select capture location(s)
– Capture sufficient data for analysis
– Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
– Capture roaming events
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools – Save to disk
– Packet slicing
– Event triggers
– Buffer options
– Channels and channel widths
– Capture filters
– Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions – Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
– Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
– Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
– View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
– Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
– Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
– View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
– Use expert mode for analysis
– View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting – WLAN scanners and discovery tools
– Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
– Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types – Define the problem
– Determine the scale of the problem
– Identify probable causes
– Capture and analyze the data
– Observe the problem
– Choose appropriate remediation steps
– Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis – 10%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers – Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
– Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
– Understand and use spectrum analyzer views

  • Real-time FFT
  • Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
  • Utilization and duty cycle
  • Detected devices
  • WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues – RF noise floor in an environment
– Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
– Sources of RF interference and their locations
– RF channel utilization
– Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
– Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
– Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures – Identify various 802.11 PHYs

  • DSSS
  • OFDM
  • OFDMA
  • Channel widths
  • Primary channel

– Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

  • Frequency hopping devices
  • IoT devices
  • Microwave ovens
  • Video devices
  • RF Jammers
  • Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions – AP-based spectrum analysis
– Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies – 10%
Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) – DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
– HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
– OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
– ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
– HT (High Throughput)
– VHT (Very High Throughput)
– HE (High Efficiency)

  • HE SU PPDU
  • HE MU PPDU
  • HE ER SU PPDU
  • HE TB PPDU
  • HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers – Pseudo-Header formats

  • Radiotap
  • Per Packet Information (PPI)

– Key pseudo-header content

  • Guard intervals
  • Resource units allocation
  • PPDU formats
  • Signal strength
  • Noise
  • Data rate and MCS index
  • Length information
  • Channel center frequency or received channel
  • Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types – Supported PHYs
– Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions – 25%
Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation – Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)

CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Certification Details:

Exam Code CWAP-404 CWAP
Sample Questions CWNP CWAP-404 Sample Questions
Exam Price $275 USD
Exam Name Wireless Analysis Professional

 

NO.95 What is encrypted within the fourth frame of the 4-Way Handshake?

 
 
 
 

NO.96 You are using a Wireless Aggregator utility to combine multiple packet captures.
One capture exists for each of channels 1, 6 and 11.
What kind of troubleshooting are you likely performing with such a tool?

 
 
 
 

NO.97 Finish the statement. It is possible to distinguish between _______and ______20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot.

 
 
 
 

NO.98 You need to determine RF activity over time in a spectrum analyzer. It is to be able to see the activity and the amplitude of that activity.
What kind of view should be used?

 
 
 
 

NO.99 When performing protocol analysis, you capture an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, transmitted at MCS 8.
At what data rate was the PHY Preamble transmitted?

 
 
 
 

NO.100 Given the IEEE 802.11 Beacon frame decode shown, determine which statement is definitively true.

 
 
 
 
 

NO.101 Which statements are true regarding frame acknowledgement in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN? (Choose 3)

 
 
 
 
 
 

NO.102 You are troubleshooting a client that is experiencing slow WLAN performance. As part of the troubleshooting activity, you start a packet capture on your laptop close to the client device. While analyzing the packets, you suspect that you have not captured all packets transmitted by the client. By analyzing the trace file, how can you confirm if you have missing packets?

 
 
 
 

NO.103 Several users have reported WLAN network connection issues and the users connect to the same AP. These users are spread throughout a 320 square meter area. Using a spectrum analyzer, you see RF energy across the entire 2.4 GHz band at significant signal strength levels.
The users all connect using either HT or ERP devices.
What is the likely cause of this problem within this area?

 
 
 
 

NO.104 You are using the real-time FFT display of a spectrum analyzer. In what domain does this show the RF energy detected in the swept frequencies?

 
 
 
 

NO.105 You are performing a multiple adapter channel aggregation capture to troubleshoot a VoIP roaming problem and would like to measure the roaming time from the last VoIP packet sent on the old AP’s channel to the first VoIP packet sent on the new AP’s channel. Which timing column in the packet view would measure this for you?

 
 
 
 

NO.106 Why would a STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement send a Neighbor Request to an AP?

 
 
 
 

NO.107 You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero.
What do you conclude about transmitting STA?

 
 
 
 

NO.108 Using a portable analyzer you perform a packet capture next to a client STA and you can see that the STA is associated to a BSS. You observe the STA sending packets to the AP and the AP sending packets to the STA.
Less than 2% of all packets are retransmissions. You move to capture packets by the AP and, while the retry rate is still less than 2%, you now only see unidirectional traffic from the AP to the client. How do you explain this behavior?

 
 
 
 

NO.109 What does the value of the Listen Interval field in an Association Request frame indicate?

 
 
 
 

NO.110 You are using a laptop-based protocol analyzer to scan all channels and determine the basic configuration of the WLAN Basic Service Set in your facility.
You are scanning all channels. All configured with default settings.
What can you change to cause the scan to run faster while still APs are capturing beacon frames on all the channels?

 
 
 
 

NO.111 You’re the WLAN administrator for a large retailer based at the HQ in New York. The London- based office has been complaining about WLAN disconnections around lunch time each day. You suspect this might be interference from the staff microwave, how might you test your theory from the New York office?

 
 
 
 

NO.112 How many frames make up the Group Key Handshake excluding any Ack frames that may be required?

 
 
 
 

NO.113 Which one of the statements regarding the Frame Control field in an 802.11 MAC header is true?

 
 
 
 

NO.114 Your wireless network troubleshooting kit includes an antenna with the following specifications:
Gain: 5 dBi
Azimuth Beamwidth: 55 degrees
Elevation Beamwidth: 50 degrees
Frequency Range: 2.4 – 2.5 GHz and 4.9 – 5.9 GHz
Polarization: Linear
Impedance: 50 Ohms
For what aspect of network troubleshooting would this antenna be most useful?

 
 
 
 
 

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